Diabetes and Exercise
There are two main types of diabetes, type I and type II. Type I
diabetes is characterized by the pancreas making too little or
no insulin. An individual with diabetes type I will have to
inject insulin throughout the day in order to control glucose
levels. Type II diabetes, also known as adult onset diabetes, is
characterized by the pancreas not producing enough insulin to
control glucose levels or the cells not responding to insulin.
When a cell does not respond to insulin, it is known as insulin
resistance. When a subject is diagnosed with type II diabetes,
exercise and weight control are prescribed as measures to help
with insulin resistance. If this does not control glucose
levels, then medication is prescribed. The risk factors for type
II diabetes include: inactivity, high cholesterol, obesity, and
hypertension. Inactivity alone is a very strong risk factor that
has been proven to lead to diabetes type II. Exercise will have
a positive effect on diabetes type II while improving insulin
sensitivity while type I cannot be controlled be an exercise
program. Over 90% of individuals with diabetes have type II.
Exercise causes the body to process glucose faster, which lowers
blood sugar. The more intense the exercise, the faster the body
will utilize glucose. Therefore it is important to understand
the differences in training with type I and type II diabetes. It
is important for an individual who has diabetes to check with a
physician before beginning an exercise program. When training
with a diabetic, it is important to understand the dangers of
injecting insulin immediately prior to exercise. An individual
with type I diabetes injecting their normal amount of
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insulin
for a sedentary situation can pose the risk of hypoglycemia or
insulin shock during exercise. General exercise guidelines for
type I are as follows: allow adequate rest during exercise
sessions to prevent high blood pressure, use low impact
exercises and avoid heavy weight lifting, and always have a
supply of carbohydrates nearby. If blood sugar levels get too
low, the individual may feel shaky, disoriented, hungry,
anxious, become irritable or experience trembling. Consuming a
carbohydrate snack or beverage will alleviate these symptoms in
a matter of minutes.
Before engaging in exercise, it is important for blood sugar
levels to be tested to make sure that they are not below 80 to
100 mg/dl range and not above 250 mg/dl. Glucose levels should
also be tested before, during, after and three to five hours
after exercise. During this recovery period (3-5 hours after
exercise), it is important for diabetics to consume ample
carbohydrates in order to prevent hypoglycemia.
Exercise will greatly benefit an individual with type II
diabetes because of its positive effects on insulin sensitivity.
Proper exercise and nutrition are the best forms of prevention
for type II diabetics. It is important for training protocols to
be repeated almost daily to help with sustaining insulin
sensitivity. To prevent hypoglycemia, progressively work up to
strenuous activity.
As with individuals with type I diabetes, carbohydrates should
also be present during training to assist in raising blood sugar
levels if the individual becomes low.
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